Behind-the-scenes examination: Are paranormal phenomena real?  

Sometimes, reports surface on social media about intentional delays in forensic medical examinations in cases of sexual and physical violence. In what situations are the results of these examinations—critical in determining causes of death, aiding criminal investigations, and influencing court proceedings—delayed? Are the dramatic and mysterious depictions in forensic films and TV series purely fictional? To explore these questions, we spoke with Professor Sherzod Ruziyev, Director of the Republican Scientific and Practical Center for Forensic Medical Examination.  

Iqbol Ergashova, Correspondent: — To begin, could you explain the differences between forensic medical examination and pathological anatomy, particularly in their work with corpses?  

Sherzod Ruziyev, Director of the Republican Scientific and Practical Center for Forensic Medical Examination, Professor: — There are several key differences between these two fields. A forensic medical examination determines the cause of death by confirming or refuting signs of violence on a corpse. In contrast, a pathological examination assesses the accuracy of diagnostic and treatment procedures by establishing the cause of death.  

Another distinction is that forensic medical examinations are conducted based on a decision by an inquiry officer, investigator, or court ruling, while pathological examinations are ordered by the head of a medical institution or their deputy. Additionally, forensic medical experts must sign a receipt acknowledging that their rights and obligations have been explained and that they understand the criminal liability associated with issuing false conclusions or refusing to provide a conclusion. This requirement does not apply to pathological examinations.  

Forensic medical examinations are not restricted to hospital deaths, whereas pathological examinations are primarily conducted in cases where death occurs within a medical institution. Furthermore, forensic medical examinations meticulously assess the clothing and injuries of the deceased—elements that are not typically considered in pathological examinations.  

I.E.: — Bodies of individuals who have died under various circumstances, including those who are unrecognizable, are sometimes brought in for forensic medical examination. How is the identity of such corpses determined?  

Sh.R.: — First, the forensic medical expert creates a verbal description of the corpse and photographs various parts. Samples, such as blood and muscle tissue, are collected from different areas of the body to determine group affiliation. Any distinguishing features, such as tattoos, scars, or birthmarks, are documented and photographed. Histological examinations are conducted to establish blood type and detect toxic substances. Several other procedures, similar to those mentioned, aid in identifying the body while also helping to determine the cause of death.  

I.E.: — How is the time of death determined?  

Sh.R.: — One of the primary objectives of examining a corpse at the scene of death and during forensic analysis is to establish the time of death. In practice, this is estimated based on factors such as body temperature, dehydration, rigor mortis, livor mortis (postmortem lividity), and decomposition processes.  

I.E.: — Forensic science is frequently portrayed in movies and TV series, often featuring paranormal events or voices heard in morgues. How close is this to reality?  

Sh.R.: — These are purely fictional elements designed to entertain audiences. In reality, no such voices are heard, and in all my years of experience, I have never encountered any paranormal phenomena. For instance, when someone is alone for an extended period in a deserted place, they might imagine hearing sounds or seeing figures—these are tricks of the mind. Additionally, forensic professionals are often misrepresented in films and TV series, where they are portrayed negatively. In truth, they are dedicated and compassionate individuals.  

I.E.: — Before discussing the alleged delays in forensic examinations, could you elaborate on the advancements and challenges in the field? What modernizations have been implemented, and what issues persist?  

Sh.R.: — The center was established following Presidential Decree No. 4049 in 2018 and has been accepting doctoral students and independent researchers since 2022. Several researchers have already obtained the title of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD).  

Regarding modernization, a DNA analysis apparatus is being introduced at the center, and plans are underway to equip all laboratories with state-of-the-art technology. Additionally, a scientific council will be established to oversee the awarding of academic degrees.  

However, challenges remain. I believe forensic experts' monthly salaries should be increased. It would also be beneficial for them to attend advanced training courses and participate in international experience exchange programs, funded by the state. Most importantly, ensuring the legal protection and immunity of forensic experts is essential.  

I.E.: — Reports sometimes suggest that competent authorities deliberately delay the appointment of medical examinations in cases of sexual assault or physical violence. As we know, time is a crucial factor in such examinations.  

Sh.R.: — According to current legislation, forensic examinations are conducted based on decisions by investigative bodies or court rulings. The circumstances requiring an examination are outlined in Article 173 of the Criminal Procedure Code. Importantly, the responsibility for assessing an expert’s conclusion lies with the investigating body or the court handling the case. Therefore, forensic examinations cannot be conducted based on individual requests; they must be officially mandated.  

There are no cases where experts deliberately delay examinations. Any delays in issuing conclusions are typically due to the late submission of necessary materials for analysis.  

For a thorough forensic examination, it is essential to document the incident in detail and clearly establish the nature of the victim's resistance. In cases of sexual or physical violence, understanding the victim's resistance and involving forensic experts in crime scene examinations significantly enhances the accuracy of criminal case determinations.